The role of agroforestry in industrialized nations: the southern hemisphere perspective with special emphasis on Australia and New Zealand

Agroforestry in Australia and New Zealand is dominated by silvopastoralism. Farmers may employ combinations of shelterbelts, shade trees, widely spaced trees over pasture, or more densely planted woodlots. In addition to wood production and shelter, erosion control, amenity and landscape planting, and conservation of natural forest are often important. Many farm forestry people show considerable innovation.In temperate wetter areas of Australia, eucalyptus and, to a lesser extent,Pinus radiata (radiata pine) dominate agroforestry tree plantings for wood, shade, shelter, and salinisation and erosion prevention. The One Billion Tree Program, initiated by the Australian Federal Government, provides limited funding for tree planting. Joint farmer ventures with the State or local industry are also common. Most State governments also provide advice, and planting is tax deductible. Local landcare groups, formed to encourage sustainable agriculture, often promote tree planting, particularly where soil degradation is a problem. Melbourne University and other Techncial Institutes offer training in agroforestry.In New Zealand, a third of the farms require trees for soil conservation. This, together with the growing recognition of the financial benefits of planting trees, has resulted in small landowners doing most of the current planting of 80,000 to 100,000 ha yr^–1. Most farmers plant radiata pine, but eucalyptus and other hardwoods, including willows and poplars, are also widely used. There are almost no government incentives for tree planting in New Zealand. The Farm Forestry Association is the major extension organization. Lincoln University has an important teaching and research commitment, and the New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited has developed very useful management models.     

钱塘江流域水土流失特点和动态分析

应用遥感技术和定点调查相结合的方法对钱塘江流域水土流失及其动态进行分析．钱塘江流域省内水土流失量占全省总流失量的４７．６６％．钱塘江中上游的金衢地区是水土流失较严重地区，面租达３９５５ｋｍ２，占该地区山地面积的２３．２５％，衢州市近１０年（１９８１～１９９０年）间统计，水土流失面积由原来的１５８６ｋｍ２增加到２６７５ｋｍ２，扩大６８、６６％；以经济林为主的常山县开发过程中强调水土保持措施，但流失面积仍扩大４７、３８％；．以用材林为主的开化县水土流失有急剧上升的趋势。文章讨论了钱塘江中上游近期水土流失的特点并提出综合治理的建议．     

Acacia cyanophylla for forage and fuelwood in North Africa

Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8 m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds 250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation. The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint. Research in the 350 mm precipitation zone of Tunisia found 3.2 year old trees to yield over 1400 kg of forage standing crop per hectare after a severe drought. Trees harvested at 2.5 years of age in May, during the worst drought in over 30 years, yielded a standing forage crop of 724 kg per hectare. Forage regrowth 8 months after cutting and 4 months after rains returned was 700 kg/ha. The forage standing crop for trees harvested only once during the 3.2 year period was double the amount of forage regrowth from trees harvested the previous year, but mean annual forage yield similar. This demonstrates that it is possible for forage to be conserved as a living forage reserve for later use during drought. Total wood yield was only 1621 kg/ha for trees cut twice compared to 3683 kg/ha for trees cut only once. Annual cutting will substantially reduce the amount of forage available during drought and reduce the production of fuelwood. It may also reduce the vigor, productivity and life of the tree. Acacia cyanophylla alley cropped on cereal farmland can protect the soil from erosion, protect the associated crop from wind damage, fix nitrogen, provide fuelwood and provide a reserve of high quality forage for use during drought. This work was supported by the Government of Tunisia and the U.S.A.I.D. Tunisia Range Development and Management Project (664-0312.8).     

梯度恒温对松白粉蚧实验种群的影响

在人工气候箱内设7个温度处理松白粉蚧成虫,9个温度处理松白粉蚧卵。结果表明:温度对松白粉蚧越冬代成虫死亡率、产卵量、卵孵化率有显著影响。卵的发育起点温度约为13℃,有效积温为456.7日度,发育最适温度在25℃左右;在21~27℃时,卵的孵化率在90%以上,差异不显著,但在33~36℃,卵几乎不孵化,用线性日度模型、王氏模型与Logistic模型对卵的发育速率进行拟合,均有较好的相关性和拟合度。试验结果与野外试验得出的结论基本一致:高温是新侵入地区松白粉蚧夏季种群数量显著下降的原因之一。     

黄土高原旱地小麦与豆科绿肥轮作及施氮对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响

小麦与豆科绿肥轮作和合理施用氮肥对黄土高原旱地缺素地区具有特别重要意义.本试验以夏休闲为对照,比较了小麦与绿豆、大豆、秋豆轮作和氮肥水平(0、108、135、162kg/hm2)对小麦产量和籽粒养分的影响.结果表明,小麦与豆科绿肥轮作,在黄土高原早地受水分限制影响,小麦产量降低9.7%～26.6%;同时,与休闲处理相较...     

作物残茬覆盖对农田土壤风蚀的影响

为定量评价干旱半干旱地区农田土壤抗风蚀效果,采用移动式风洞及其配套测试系统对内蒙古武川县上秃亥乡农田地表进行了原位测试研究。结果表明,不同风速下土壤风蚀量随作物残茬盖度的增加呈指数规律减少;40%以上残茬盖度可明显提高土壤颗粒起动风速并减少风蚀量;当风速为14~18 m/s时,地表作物残茬盖度为60%~80%具有较好的抗风蚀效果。     

不同灌水量对日光温室黄瓜耗水规律及水分利用效率的影响

在宁夏干旱区日光温室膜下滴灌条件下,研究了不同灌水量对日光温室黄瓜耗水规律和土壤水分利用效率的影响,试验结果表明:耗水强度整体随着生育期的延后逐渐增大,在结果盛期达到最大,随后逐渐下降,在各个生育期各处理日耗水强度随灌水量的增加而增加,而土壤水分的消耗则随着灌水量的增加而明显减少.灌水量达到563 mm时,完全能满足黄...     

A Biophysical and Economic Assessment of a Community‐based Rehabilitated Gully in the Ethiopian Highlands

Gully erosion reduces agricultural productivity by destroying valuable land resources, increases sediment concentrations, reduces water quality, and fills up reservoirs. Gully rehabilitation has proven to be challenging especially in the high‐rainfall areas of the Ethiopian Highlands and has therefore had limited success. This paper describes a successful low‐cost gully rehabilitation effort with community participation in the Birr watershed in the Blue Nile basin that begun in early 2013. Initially, farmers were reluctant to participate for religious reasons, but with the aid of local priests and respected elders, community discussions, and a visit to a rehabilitated gully, a consensus was reached to rehabilitate a 0·71‐ha upland gully. The rehabilitation measures consisted of regrading the gully head at a 45° slope, constructing low‐cost check dams from locally available materials, and planting Pennisetum purpureum grass and Sesbania sesban. At the end of the first post‐implementation rainy season, 2,200 tons of soil was conserved by the constructed check dams and newly planted vegetation, compared with soil losses of 680 and 560 tons in two untreated, nearby gullies. In 2014, an additional 3,100 tons of soil was conserved. In 2013, the marginal rate of return (MRR) on the gully rehabilitation investment was 2·6 based on the value of increased forage production alone. When we include trapped soil nutrient values, the rehabilitation MRR was increased to 10. Although these numbers are impressive, the best proof of the success was that farmers on their own initiative rehabilitated an additional five gullies in 2014. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

香椿苗氮素营养的研究

试验结果表明，香椿苗对氮素敏感，合理施用氮肥促进苗木磷、氮元素吸收，生长期间叶片含磷量≥０．１４％，含氮量≥４．ｏ％．该试验地条件下，在施Ｐ２Ｏ５１３０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２基础上，氮肥施用量与造林合格苗产量呈二次抛物线关系，回归方程为ｙ＝３０３１０．６＋５４６．８９ｘ－ｌ．０３９ｘ３，适宜施氮量范围为１８０～２７０ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２，最佳经济施氮量为２６１．３５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２．试验还对施肥后的土壤养分变化情况进行了研究。     

落叶松红腹叶蜂食叶量、发育进度及防治适期的研究

掌握科学合理的防治时机，是害虫防治的关键技术之一。为此笔者在对落叶松红腹叶蜂防治技术的研究中，根据落叶松红腹叶蜂幼虫的生物学特性，创新采用拟自然态研究方法、自然产卵小群统计方法，对幼虫每虫和分龄期食叶量(率)、卵和幼虫发育历期、幼虫自然死亡率、越冬幼虫化蛹发育进度及化蛹历期等进行了系统研究。在这些研究的基础上，提出科学的防治适期应为幼虫发育高峰后第7～10d，在此时间内林间可见卵及幼虫约占当年种群数量的76％～90％，是卵和幼虫出现最多的时段，是最大限度地消灭叶蜂幼虫、压低种群数量的有利时期。